Commentary to standard CO

General impression.Caucasian Shepherd Dog - a dog and big growth vyshesrednego, strong and hard-rough type of addition, a strong, hardy, agile enough, even-tempered. Dogs of this breed are aggressive and distrustful of strangers, distinguished courage, confidence and tend to make decisions. In an extreme situation, Caucasian Shepherd, as a rule, attacks instantly, without the prior demonstration of aggression. Type of adding a dog, her steady, calm character, endurance, simplicity centuries formed under the influence of harsh conditions, scant feeding, heavy work around the clock, big hard hits. Naturally, the lively, emotional, excitable dog, while in similar circumstances, would unnecessarily waste power, tiring and would require improved housing and feeding to maintain optimal health. As for animals with excessive brutality addition, it is unlikely that such dogs are able to successfully resist predators because of their immobility and lack quick reactions.Growth and sexual typeOver the many years of experience we have not seen the Caucasian sheep-dogs, with growth of over 80 cm and at the same time harmonious and proportioned. As a rule, the higher the dog, the more apparent in its exterior undesirable characteristics: high on, too glenohumeral joint angle straightened, flattened ribs, lean and muscular nerelefnaya, dry, light, elongated head.



Format the body varies in different types of this breed, so as a defect or defects should be observed only cases of apparent disparities.
The index format is calculated by the formula:
Length of body---------------------------------- X 100Height at the withers
It is desirable that the index format was for males - 102-106, and for females - 102-108.Particular attention in the evaluation of the exterior Caucasian Shepherd should be paid to the development of bone. For this purpose, we introduced the concept of index bony.
The index is defined as the ratio of the bony metacarpus with height at the withers:
Metacarpus------------------------ X 100Height at the withers
Desirable bony index for males - 20-22, for females - ID-22.(For example, with an increase of 75 cm metacarpus of the dog must be at least 15 cm, which corresponds to a specified minimum.)Dogs should be much heavier, bigger, smaller females. Females, for the most part, much smaller, lighter and slimmer males. Sexual identity should be easily and unambiguously determined. And if the bitch is still possible to forgive a certain roughness addition, the ease of physique for males will be a huge disadvantage, bordering on evil. Small, lightweight, in female type dogs should be rejected and in any case not be allowed to breed.HeadMassive and heavy, which is proportional to the body, broad skull, covered with well developed muscles. Head length should be 39 - 40% of the height at the withers. Cheeks well developed, superciliary arches are not pronounced. Frons wide, flat, shallow furrow is divided into two parts. Go Stop well defined but smooth. Cheeks covered with well-developed chewing muscles. The upper jaw, which has developed a wide base and mimic muscles, and only a massive lower jaw, forming the bulk, in the form of a blunt, broad wedge face. Length of muzzle is shorter than half the length of the head of 3-5 cm (should be 36-38% of the total length of the head). Muzzle broad at base, little pointed, with thick, but dry, tight lips. The nose is large and black. The white and light fawn dogs without a dark mask may be clarified nose.The mouth of a Caucasian Shepherd opened so wide that you can see the last molars. This also contributes to the elasticity of the lips, which stretched well, should not hang down in the corners of the mouth or be raw. Too narrow, light or damp, turned up, too rough face could indicate a deviation from the desired type of constitution, and in an extreme form can lead to malocclusion.Viewed from the side line of the nasal bridge and forehead parallel. The transition from forehead to muzzle should not be too sharp (the so-called stop) or too tight, smooth. When viewed from above head Caucasian Shepherd should be similar to a very broad blunt wedge. Disabilities, and very significant, are not wide enough as the skull, flattened, underdeveloped cheek bones, poorly developed chewing muscles, and unnecessarily narrowed the end of the muzzle, the abrupt transition from the forehead to the front of the skull (not filled area in front of the eyes). When viewed face on the forehead between the ears, the line should not be rounded. Horizontality of the line determined by the degree of development of the chewing muscles attached to this place, and put the ears. Along the forehead with a small Caucasian Shepherd traced groove, which is the result of good development and the massiveness of the muscles covering the skull at this point.The shape and size of the head are among the most important hallmarks of the breed. But we should not forget that the head of all dogs, and especially in Caucasian Shepherd, functional - it is also a very powerful weapon, which determines the quality of their "professional competence". According to the law of physics, the longer the arms, the greater the force required to bring these instruments in action. Thus, the power compression jaws is determined by their length, as well as strength and muscle volume, resulting in these skeletal levers in action. Therefore, the shorter the arm bone jaw, massive skull head and the more developed zygomatic arches, allowing sufficient space for the formation of strong and muscle bulk, which connects the lower jaw to the skull, the greater will be the maximum possible compression force of the jaws. Power "kusatelnogo" device - one of the most important features, which allows the Caucasian sheep-dog wolfhound be unbeatable, and the structure of this "apparatus" should be beyond reproach.Due to the diverse nature of dogs of breed the Caucasian sheep-dog, there are several options for the form of the head. Three of them, the most typical and common, considered in Fig. 2.

Skull very massive, top of the head is broad, strongly developed zygomatic arches, bulging. Go Stop gradual but well-marked. Muzzle short, blunt, volume, area under the eyes is well filled.The lips are thick, elastic, but with no signs of dampness. When viewed from above the head is shaped like a broad blunt wedge.
Skull massive, top of the head is broad, flat forehead, cheeks well developed, protruding. Go Stop gradual, unspoken, is smooth. Lips rather thick, elastic, tight. Muzzle broad at the base and volume with a well-filled infraorbital region, but toward the nose tapers more visible than in the first case. For dogs with this type of head is characterized by more elongated snout. When viewed from above the head is shaped like a broad blunt wedge, but more pointed and elongated than in the previous example.
A lot of dogs occurs, the head of which is very different from the first two types. These animals are quite massive top of the head with well developed, but not very prominent cheekbones. The area under the eyes is well filled. The forehead is flat, the transition from forehead to muzzle a smoother, less pronounced than in the first case. Muzzle broad at the base, tapering towards the nose, to a lesser extent than in the previous two versions. When viewed from above the head is shaped like a truncated wedge.

There is another type of heads, which are characterized by more or less massive skull, cheekbones, but some are flattened. The muzzle is not enough volume at the base, infraorbital area is filled with weak, narrow nasal bridge, but the thick lips, hang down and form wrinkles. When viewed from above the head no wedge-shaped, since the transition to the front of the skull is too sharp. Unfortunately, quite often seen dogs who have similar deficiencies in the structure of the head.Most serious drawbacks are the hollows under the eyes and sunken temples, somewhat lighter head, roundish or high forehead, sloping head, bluff, or a poorly defined transition from forehead to muzzle, overdeveloped eyebrows, cheekbones, not expressed, short, somewhat turned up, or elongated and slightly lowered snout, underdeveloped lower jaw, greyish or brownish nose at a normal, intense color of the coat (if this feature is not linked to heredity and the terms and feeding).EyesSmall, deep-set, obliquely set, oval section, with dry, strained over the centuries. Dark brown and brown.Hocks, size and shape of the eye associated with the characteristic anatomic features of the breed structure of the skull, so that any deviation from the recommended standard parameters that determine these signs indicate a lack of breed individuals violating the desired type of addition.EarsSmall, set high, hanging, short cropped as a puppy. Often poor ears can be seen in dogs with excessively rude addition. Typically, this sign indicates a change in the type of constitution.TeethWhite, large, well developed, tight to each other. Complete dentition (42). Scissors bite. The incisors are located at the bottom of the lineup. The line cutter is wide. Underdeveloped (Light), the lower jaw can lead to a vicious bite, so-called "overshot" in which the lower incisors not in contact with the maxillary incisors. Needless to narrow lower jaw leaves insufficient space for normal development of the front teeth. The organism compensates for this lack of a dog by the strong bending of the line cutters. Such undesirable changes in the anatomy of the jaw may cause malocclusion not only, but edentate. Dogs that are too rough, or the volume turned up nose, a tendency to bite. With age, erasing the teeth of dogs that had a tight bite, can result in medium-sized incisors bite. It is desirable (so that the Caucasian Shepherd teeth were large and had no signs of premature deterioration and damage.NeckA powerful, short, planted at an angle of 30-40 ° to the longitudinal axis of the body. Wareh neck is closely related to the anatomical structure and development of the front of the case. Typically, the neck length (from occiput to withers) should equal the length of the head. The main functions of the neck are not only keeping the head in position and ensure transition to the body, it must transmit to the head of a dog, a powerful pulse, obtained from the hind limbs and body at the time of the attack, serve as a cushion for the implementation of the grip and make their own strengths, accurate movement to help the dog to successfully attack and defend. Too long, thin or weak neck can not withstand the huge success with loads encountered during the fight (fight), and will not allow the Caucasian sheep-dog to fully realize their potential wolfhound.HousingWithers - a broad, muscular, well above the back line stands out, especially in males. The severity and length of withers and the length is determined by the slope of the scapula, long spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae (from domestic sheep dogs spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae are long, well-developed) and the development of deep and superficial muscles of the shoulder girdle. Paddle in the Caucasian Shepherd should be wide enough, long, muscled and slanting, which greatly improves its shock absorbing ability. Typically, blade rises above the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae 1-2 cm well-developed musculature of the withers and the correct anatomical structure of this part of the case provide a normal depreciation and the mechanics of movement. Needless to short, unexpressed or poorly developed withers indicates either a lack of physical development, or of significant deficiencies in the anatomical structure of the dog.The back is broad, straight and muscular. Actually the spin (in the anatomical concept) consists of 13 thoracic vertebrae. The width of the back is determined by the angulation of ribs to the spine and the degree of development of deep and superficial muscles of the thoracic spine. Shortcomings observed in the structure of the spine can be hereditary, and the result of improper breeding or disease.Loin short, broad, somewhat convex. The lumbar spine consists of seven lumbar vertebrae. The desired ratio of length to waist length of the spine - 1:2. To get the best spring action required when driving a dog, loin should be well muscled and slightly convex. This anatomy allows the Caucasian sheep-dog have a solid topline, which is necessary for increasing the efficiency of movement to successfully withstand specific loads that arise during the attack and fight.Croup broad, muscular, almost horizontal delivered. This Wareh croup associated in the first place, with the characteristic of the breed structure of the hind limb with some straightened angulation and not long levers. The slope of grain is mainly determined by the position of the pelvis and connected to it by powerful ligaments sacral spine. Go to the pelvic bones are attached muscles of the abdomen, hind limbs, the lumbar region. Thus, one function of the pelvis is the transfer of thrust from the hind limbs to the body during movement. As sloping croup (too much pelvic tilt) and pryamozadost (basin is almost flat) lead to declines in traffic, since in both cases (due to the anatomical structure) are not provided with the necessary strength and direction of thrust of the hind limbs during running. Poorly developed muscles of the pelvic girdle indicate either a lack of physical development of the animal, or of significant deficiencies in the anatomical structure of the croup. Narrow croup, not providing a sufficiently wide hocked hind legs and, hence, the stability of the entire body proper dog is a serious drawback for the Caucasian Shepherd.Tail Set on high, serpoobrazny, hook or ring. Lowered down to reach the hock. Tail set is closely related to the structure of the croup. Low set tail, usually accompanied by Croup falling away. The shape of the tail is determined by the degree of development of flexor and extensor muscles and ligaments of the caudal length of the spine.Chest broad, deep, rounded shape. The lower part of the chest is in line with the elbows or below them. Caucasian shepherd dog, like all dogs mastiff similar origin have a strong chest. Structure and development of the chest are important, because within it are placed such vital organs as the heart and lungs, and muscles are attached on the outside shoulder girdle. The chest should be fairly rounded, but not too convex, barrel-shaped. It is also desirable too narrow, though very deep chest, as in this case not only greatly reduces the space required for the normal functioning of the internal organs, but also creates considerable difficulties in finding a dog in a standing position (too small footprint, and the dog uncomfortable stand, so to compensate for this lack of an animal, as a rule, turns out the pastern). Convexity front of the chest is determined by how ahead of the shoulder joint, serves the front part of the sternum. Undesirable feature is the sunken chest, as in this case, the shoulder and elbow joint may lose necessary for the proper motion link with the body. The length of the breast depends not only on the length of the spine, but also on the length of the sternum and curved last pairs of ribs.Belly moderately tucked up. The line of the abdomen (the degree of smartness, length) depends on the development of relevant muscle groups, the length of the sternum and ribs bending (due to short thorax, the length of the abdomen), the type of addition, the health of the dog and the nature of nursing.ForelimbsStraight and parallel to each other when viewed from the front. The length of the forelimb from ground to elbow is equal to or slightly more than half the height at the withers. Glenohumeral joint angle of about 100 °. It is desirable that the length of the shoulder blades was equal to the length or slightly longer. Forearms are straight (in a section almost round), moderately long and robust.
High on the index:
The length of the forelimb to the elbow-------------------------------------------------- --- x 100 = 50-54Height at the withers
Elbows are directed straight back. The pasterns are short, massive, vertically separated. It is desirable that metacarpus in males was not less than 14 cm for females - not less than 13 cm, however, is unlikely to meet the Caucasian sheep-dog, not going beyond the hard-rough-type constitution, with the metacarpus more than 17 cm for males and 16 cm females. Dog having too rough addition, at least lose the mobility and agility so necessary Caucasian sheepdogs for a successful struggle with a predator or a man.



The length of levers (bones) and angulation (joints), and the development of muscular front legs should ensure maximum efficiency of movement the dog. Posed vertically upright blade and located a short humerus (unnecessarily obtuse angle glenohumeral joint) do not provide sufficient vymaha forelimb - a step becomes too short, mincing, shock-absorbing ability of the forelimb is reduced. If the humerus is long enough to implement the sweeping movements, too obtuse angle with glenohumeral joint, it is likely that, in this case, the elbow is below the chest and, after losing support on the body, will get too much freedom, that may entail summing elbows under your chest or, conversely, the inversion of the elbows out. Too sharp an angle glenohumeral joint also undesirable, since in this case, the dog will nizkoperedoy, and movements of front and hind legs are not balanced. Short forearm also entails a deterioration of the cushioning and nizkoperedost ability limb. These weaknesses adversely affect the quality of movements. The length and slope of the pastern in the Caucasian sheep-dogs determined by the massiveness of the addition and the structural features of the entire apparatus of movement. Too long and soft, sloping pastern (angle more than 15 degrees) in the large and heavy dogs feel much more work than the short and having a slight slope. Particularly strong increases are loads of fast paces.HindquartersWhen viewed from behind - straight and parallel to the set, the side - somewhat rectified in the knee joints. Thighs wide enough and well muscled. Tibia short (preferably, the length of the tibia was equal to the length of the thigh). Hocks strong, broad, somewhat rectified. Hock massive (in the section have a rounded shape), vertically separated. Plumb line dropped from point of buttock down, passes through the center of the hock joint and metatarsals. Wareh not drawn.Hindquarters Caucasian Shepherd have a characteristic structure that allows these dogs for the expense of power instantly develop a high speed when running a quarry that is necessary for the successful prosecution of a predator and a bout with him.Needless to angulation of the hind limbs, with normal length arms may indicate a lack of ligament strength, in this case, the dog will move as if in poluprisyadi (goose-step). Long arms and angulation of the hind limbs are not typical for the Caucasian sheep-dogs, but rather are inherent in dogs intended for long-run trot. Movement of the Caucasian Shepherd with the structure of the extremities is unlikely to be balanced or the dog will not have the characteristic of the breed in general anatomy. Long levers at the extremities obtuse angles of joints may cause severe overbuilt. It is desirable that the thigh in the rest position is articulated with the pelvis at an angle of 100 °, and angle of the knee joint connecting the femur and tibia, should be approximately 150 °. It is important to well-developed musculature of the hind limbs (rump, thighs and drumsticks).The reason for shortcomings in hocked hindquarters are: the weakness of ligaments, the inconsistencies in the length of the levers, in violation of the anatomy of the pelvis, cereals, curved bone transferred in connection with rickets.Paws in the Caucasian sheep-dogs, as the front and rear, large, oval (nearly round), arched and tight. Fingers should not be straightened, and the claws should not protrude forward, parallel to the ground.



MovementLeisurely, free. Characteristic gait - a short trot, turning in acceleration of pace in gyazhely, but a quick gallop. Joints of the extremities freely unbent. Topline elastic, springy motion. Withers and cereal while driving on the same level. This character of the movement inherent in the Caucasian sheep-dogs in connection with the fitness of their vehicle movements to fast, but not the duration of the run the quarry, which is necessary for the pursuit of a predator. Moreover, in dogs with this type of movements the center of gravity can not be located relatively high hip, so the dog does not vysokoperedaya Caucasian and not suited for long-run trot at high speeds, so that it is not required because These dogs have always used not only for pastoral work, how to guard.Pacing is not characteristic of the Caucasian Shepherd gait may occur as a result of anatomical features, so be it due to abnormalities of the nervous system or just a psychological discomfort caused by the dog.Coat and colorThe coat is straight, coarse, with a strongly developed undercoat of a lighter tone. On head and front of the legs the hair is short, skintight.Currently, a large number of dogs in which the head and front of the legs and the hair is long enough sticking out, which creates great difficulties in assessing a massive bone structure, size and accuracy of the lines of the head. It is important to correctly identify the real solidity addition of a dog, because the estimate obtained at the exhibition, is one of the main criteria to be included in the dog breeding.Depending on the length of hair are two types of coat:1. Long-haired - with long guard hairs and a cover (11-12 cm) and a well-developed "lavatory" wool, which is on the ears and the neck forms a "mane", and on the extremities - "tow" and "pants" (30 cm). Coat covering the tail on all sides, making it thick and fluffy. Rich surround the tail.2. Short-haired - with a relatively short (6-7 cm) and guard coat. "Mane", "feathered", "pants" and tail suspension for missing.Color can be white, sable-fawn and red, brown, brindle, sable-gray of different shades, piebald and spotted in combination with the listed color. Tainted are: black, black and white, black and tan and brown of different shades and in various combinations.

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Caucasian Shepherd (Complications during pregnancy and childbirth)

Complications during pregnancy and childbirth
Caucasian Shepherd
Sometimes, pregnancy and childbirth are accompanied by complications in dogs caused by metabolic disorders, disorders of internal organs, improper care of animals.
"The Caucasian Shepherd"
False pregnancy can occur after sexual cycle is not accompanied by a viscous, or after mating dogs in the absence of fertilization. Symptoms of false pregnancy symptoms are similar to the present (excited state, the increase in the abdomen, the appearance of milk). Ailing dog to the vet to show that she will appoint a sedative drugs. In addition, the diet of the animal should be excluded milk and dairy products.
In the early stages of pregnancy in dogs can cause toxicosis. Its main symptoms are depression, weakness, loss of appetite, vomiting. Need to adapt to the diet of the animal.
Edema are the result of improper feeding and lack of physical activity a pregnant dog. Swelling usually formed on the hind legs and around the mammary glands.
In the case of this complication is recommended to reduce the amount of fluid in the diet, do not overfeed your dog, walk it regularly and perform massage in the area of ​​edema.
Sometimes the dogs observed weakening of labor, caused by large-scale or multiple gestations and impaired physical condition of the animal. In this case, due to weak contractions of the uterus and muscles of the abdominal wall process of formation of pups born delayed.
You must call the vet, but before he came to dog first aid: Give a warm drink, to a massage. It is not recommended to use stimulant medications on their own, as this could cause irreparable harm to the body of the animal.
If malposition is hampered its excretion.
In this case, you can help the dog by gently pulling the puppy appeared to have part of the body (head or hind legs). You must first discuss this situation with your veterinarian.
Immediately contact a need in the following cases:
● absence of signs of labor after the due date;
● fights and attempts, not accompanied by the release of the fetus;
● stuck the fetus in the birth canal;
● occurrence of stillborn pups;
● reduction or termination of labor activity in the remaining fetuses in the womb;
● retention of placenta after the birth of puppies.
The complications of whelping
Caucasian Shepherd
Sometimes during the whelping females can have many complications.
In some cases, it is very difficult to draw a clear line between normal and anomaly. Many bitches any complications occur only after several births, while the first 3-4 litters were generally normal.
Every owner should be aware of possible complications during delivery and be able to help your dog and puppies.
Most often, novice owners can be divided into two categories:
● 1st category. This inexperienced owners who do not quite know what to do during labor dog. Confused, they in no way can help your dog. This is totally unacceptable. In many cases (especially if the puppy is already visible) enough to help just a little bitch and the puppy to avoid the many serious consequences;
"The Caucasian Shepherd"
● 2nd category. Quite the opposite type of the 1st owner. This is, by contrast, know-all that could theoretically know everything. As a result, these people instead of actually helping a bitch, make too much of anything unnecessary. Even in cases where childbirth are normal, they still interfere with the natural process.
The best assistant for your dog and newborn puppies that will be the owner who does not belong to any one of these categories, but is somewhere in between. These people have common sense and interfere with the delivery, only when really necessary.
For example, sometimes when the 1st puppy delayed birth, it can lead to death of all the other puppies. In this case, human intervention is required. If the bitch is not give to spend all their forces, the remaining pups are born easily and independently.
Complications during childbirth can be divided into:
● happening for a reason independent of the females;
● occurring by reason of which depends on the puppy.
Also among the complications can be identified by those who:
● owner can fix by yourself;
● more serious and dangerous, which requires an experienced veterinarian.
Wrong position of a puppy
Caucasian Shepherd
One of the most common causes of complications during childbirth is the wrong location pup at birth.
Usually, in such a situation puppy goes neck ahead, as his head was wrapped inside.
This is a very dangerous situation, because the puppy out with great difficulty, or just can not go alone.
Also dangerously wrong position back or limbs, which can also cause difficulties.
Usually, puppies are placed in the uterus back to back bitch, so they pass through the birth canal like an arc that does not cause the bending of the spine in an unnatural direction. Sometimes, instead of head first show puppy's tail. In all these cases, a qualified professional help.
In some cases, the complication is the simultaneous passage through the birth canal just two females puppies. Each of them holds the other, and they do not give each other to be born.
In very rare cases, a puppy instead naturally exit the birth canal, is moving in the opposite direction of the horn of the uterus. In this situation it will only cesarean section.
Unfortunately, this is usually the only chance to save the rest of the bitch and puppies. The puppy, which went wrong, has very little chance of escape.
Anomalies in the structure of the pelvis in females
Caucasian Shepherd
Another cause complications during childbirth is the anomaly structure of the pelvis females.
A similar anomaly is most often caused by a previously transferred bitch rickets or some injury. Also, the anomaly can be a bitch at birth. Wrong structure of the pelvis in this case is too narrow pelvis with a wide head.
"The Caucasian Shepherd"
Now rickets in Caucasian Shepherd is a very rare disease. This is due to the fact that veterinarians developed a number of different drugs that prevent your puppy from rickets.
If she previously received any injury of the pelvis, hips, and so on, to its owner at the time of birth should be especially careful. It is best to show a female vet, after consultation with whom will we know whether the female give birth to healthy pups without surgical intervention.
Weakened labor and delivery
Caucasian Shepherd
In some cases, generic activities may be impaired. Most often this happens in those litters, which contained a very large puppy. During birth the bitch for a long time to no avail tuzhitsya, the uterus is exhausted, and as a result of the bout ended.
To relieve the females in this situation, you will seek the assistance of a veterinarian. Usually, the doctor prescribes for a special injection, which is due to the action in 15-20 minutes contractions begin again.
If in the process of childbirth have any complications, the road becomes every second. Misconduct owner, lack of assistance dog could cause her death.
If the birth canal is not fully extended, the veterinarian can make even a shot. Yourself it is not recommended, as these drugs have a very strong effect, and in case of overdose, causing some serious complications. After repeated injections of 5-20 min fight resumed. Puppies in this case usually come quickly and easily.
In some cases, hormone injections do not have the desired result. After this, help can only caesarean section, which also can be assigned only to a veterinarian.
An experienced veterinarian after thorough examination of the bitch may immediately come to a decision to do cesarean without injections. This is illustrated in the case when the diameter is immediately obvious inconsistency of the birth canal and the size of a puppy.
In rare cases, uterine activity is greatly weakened, and puppies can be born only after the injection for each of them. This often leads to very strong uterine contractions, which as a result of this fast-exhausted and over time will just stop acting injection.
Strong uterine contractions caused by the frequent use of injections, sometimes lead to tearing of the walls of the uterus or its eversion. For such delivery must see a veterinarian.
In any case, making the injection, we can not allow the animal is useless muchilos more than 2-3 hours is better to do cesarean sections.
In some cases, the weakening of the uterus may be hereditary and be associated with disorders of hormonal balance. In bitches with the hereditary factor often techek cycle disorders. They better not be used for breeding.
"The Caucasian Shepherd"
Lack of labor
Caucasian Shepherd
This is a very serious complication of childbirth. It can cause a water bubble collapsed inside, not showing up out of the loop. Find it can only be regularly checking the litter bitch - it will be wet.
In this case the female is preparing to leave, she had difficulty breathing, but the contractions did not start. Such complications can arise as a result of adhesions formed, which arise from the previously undergone caesarean section.
If past generations have been a bitch to any complications in all subsequent monitoring it should be especially careful.
Veterinarian should be called, if after the withdrawal of water for some time the fight is not started. Assistance should be provided within 2-3 hours after the rupture of the water bladder. If left unattended, can result in loss of labor and bitches and puppies.
Circulatory
Caucasian Shepherd
Circulatory problems can occur if the manure contains a large number of puppies. In this case, the breakdown females can occur even for a week before the birth. In this state, the bitch is always stretched out hind legs, her breathing is usually difficult.
Because of gravity too enlarged uterus is pressure on the liver, spleen, and blood vessels, resulting in disrupted blood flow to critical organs. Breathing difficulty due to compression of the lungs.
Be sure to call the vet. In this case, cesarean section, carried out on time, gives a good result.
"Absorption" puppies
Caucasian Shepherd
"Absorption" puppies often happens in cases where the litter too many. Usually this happens early in pregnancy - up to 3-4 weeks.
Placenta puppies when they are many, almost together, and a puppy can be completely separated from its placenta.
In most cases, it goes without serious consequences for females. These puppies come in due time partially subscribe or parts. This does not affect the development of others.
Sometimes, these puppies are mummified and not out of the uterus during childbirth. They can be detected only by Caesarean section. If this happens, the bitch may be a tumor.
Many complications can be avoided if the time to show a female technician. Examination of the dog is better to spend 2 times - for a few days before birth and after.
Help with complicated childbirth
Caucasian Shepherd
In the case when the puppy is only slightly visible from the loop, but then does not go, you need human intervention.
Removing the puppy should be carried out under sterile conditions. A person who helps bitch in advance to be cut short and sawn nails. It is necessary not to get a puppy.
Hands should be washed and lubricate any antiseptic.
Care must be taken to catch the puppy in the area of ​​the withers. During any attempts should be carefully and strongly pull out and down on an arc (to avoid damage to the back). Usually it is enough that the puppy out. In most cases, such assistance is needed one time, because in this situation usually gets first puppy - the largest one. This can also happen with the last pup, the bitch is tired.
"The Caucasian Shepherd"Help with cephalic presentation puppy
Caucasian Shepherd
Cephalic presentation is usually the norm when whelping, but in such a situation is difficult birth.
When the puppy's head appeared, but he himself, in spite of attempts, does not go out for a few seconds, you want to help people. It should be carefully broken bag of waters (in the place where the muzzle of the puppy), so that he could breathe.
Puppy in the normal position is back up. It should embrace the neck (top) and the fingers during any attempts to pull the puppy down (toward the belly females).
In some cases, even with assistance dog still can not get out. If you do not pass the shoulders, you need to carefully move your head from side to side. The shoulders should go. If you see a limb, you need to pull it forward and up, just be done with the other limb.
Once freed shoulders puppy, it is not advisable to pull up, now you need only send it down to the belly bitch.
In that case, when the puppy is very large, vacant after the shoulders, it should not pull the neck, but for the whole acting part. Usually the puppy's head and shoulders are the most bulk part of it, therefore, freeing them on delivery will take place much easier.Help breech puppy
Caucasian Shepherd
When the puppy is not the head and tail, it needs to grab the hind legs, as they seem from the birth canal. Not be allowed to extremities again they were gone. Usually, legs, covered with foil, and very slippery, disappearing into the birth canal, they may re-appear after a few minutes. And in this time the puppy could easily choke.
You can not squeeze too hard limbs puppy, it can lead to injury.
The situation is compounded if the ruptured bag of waters or the puppy is too large. In this situation, every second counts.
Keep your puppy it's best piece of any fabric, thanks to this it will not be so slippery.
Pull the puppy should be easy, smooth, but hard enough. It is important to remember that after 2-3 minutes the puppy stops the supply of blood through the umbilical cord. Puppy no longer receive oxygen and may die.
Some veterinarians do not recommend pulling a puppy at a time when the fight ended. But this is only possible when the puppy goes in the right position, and when he goes forward tail, wait for the fights you can not. Although the female experience and with some short-term pain, but it would be better than if she had just lost power, suffering for too long.
It is important not to cause injury puppy if to pull evenly and without jerking, his health did not threaten.
In some cases, particularly when the puppy is very large, the vagina can inject liquid paraffin oil, and thus a generic way. But it should be done only after already seem limb.
"The Caucasian Shepherd"
If you can take delivery alone, it will significantly reduce the severity of this process. Assistant should put a bitch on his feet and keep it under his belly, while the doctor pulls a puppy. Females will be much easier if it can rely on human wrist.Assistance, if the puppy goes back down
Caucasian Shepherd
When the puppy leaves the birth canal in the right position - back up his spine goes through a natural arch that forms the backbone females (either head or tail of it goes). In the case when the puppy goes in upside down (belly to back bitches), bending his spine is not the same as the curvature of the spine females.
When the puppy is already part of the body is visible and it is clear that it extends in an inverted position, it is necessary to inject into the vagina vaseline and gently try to turn the puppy. If this fails, then further deliveries usually take place without complications.
If the puppy will turn into the correct position only partially, it should also be turned. In any case, it will greatly facilitate the delivery.
If you turn the puppy does not work, you need to help him out in this position. If your dog goes on your head, you should immediately break the bag of waters, and wipe the muzzle, so that the puppy can breathe freely. Then it must be gently pull. Pulling a puppy to only in a downward direction, it gradually raising.
If the puppy comes out the tail, we must act in the same way, only faster.
In this situation, the most important:
● Do not allow your puppy spine bends unnaturally;
● to prevent too much stretching or tearing of the upper corner of the hinge folds when reversing bending back the puppy.

Nurse and artificial nutrition

Nurse and artificial nutrition
Sometimes it happens that a mother can not feed the puppies. This situation can occur for many reasons: the bitch should be treated for sepsis, it has been difficult delivery or Caesarean section, there are diseases of the genital organs, under the influence of pain or other factors, impaired lactation, etc. In this case, the puppies can put a bitch-nurse.
Bitch-nurse should withdraw, and put the kids in her whelping box, so they soaked familiar smell. After a while her lead and quickly enclose all of the puppies: and her own, and brought. If the bitch nasty character, it must be muzzled, which must be removed once the kids start to suck. First, hold the collar a nurse if she lick all the puppies, all right, and the collar can be removed.
If this method fails, the bitch must again take 10-15 minutes and repeat podkladyvanie puppies. Usually all the same nurse takes other people's kids, though sometimes makes 2-3 reps.
But occasionally it happens that the nurse does not want to put up with the new puppy in his litter, and does not accept them. Then you can bring up kids with a mixture of artificial food.
The recipe for artificial milk feeding puppies:
● 800 ml of cow's milk;
● 200 ml of cream;
● 1 egg;
● 20 ml 40% glucose solution;
● 3 ml of 5% solution of ascorbic acid;
● 2 drops of oil solution of vitamin A;
● 2 drops of oil solution of vitamin D3.
Cream should be mixed thoroughly with the egg and, stirring constantly, to combine with milk. Add vitamins and pour a thin stream of glucose and ascorbic acid, gradually stirring.
Experts advise to feed the puppies Caucasian Shepherd from 6 to 3 times per day (depending on the age of the animal), gradually moving on two meals a day feeding.
Prepared milk can be refrigerated for 1 day, warming up before feeding the required amount to body temperature.
Daily amount of formula for a pet depends on its age and is calculated as a percentage of body weight your puppy:
● 3-6 days - 15-20%;
● 7-13 days - 22-25%;
● 14-20 days - 30-32%;
● 21 days or older - 35-40%.
The first 5-6 days, kids need to be fed every 2 h. From the 2nd week of feedings gradually decreased. If she is nursing the puppies a few days and then for some reason has ceased to do so, problems can arise. During the first days of artificial feeding kids do not want to take a pacifier, because it does not smell nipple of the mother. Smelling a puppy develops in the neonatal period, so they will continue to look for mother by smell. Kids do not distinguish the taste, so this difficulty does not arise.

Approximate daily ration

Approximate daily ration for a 2-month-old Caucasian Shepherd
● Meat - 100-200 g;
● Milk - 450-500 g;
● egg - 1 pc. (Yolk);
● curd - 120-150 g;
● vegetables - 150 g;
● Vegetable oil - 10 g;
● fertilizing mineral - 10 g;
● vitamins - to appoint a veterinarian.
Approximate daily diet for a 3-month-old Caucasian Shepherd
● Meat - 200-300 g;
● Milk - 500 g;
● egg - 1 pc. (Yolk);
● curd - 140-160 g;
● vegetables - 170-200 g;
● Vegetable oil - 10 g;
● fertilizing mineral - 10 g;
● vitamins - to appoint a veterinarian.
Approximate daily ration for a 4-month-old Caucasian Shepherd
● Meat - 300-400 g;
● Milk - 500 g;
● egg - 1 pc. (Yolk and white);
● curd - 180-200 g;
● vegetables - 180-200 g;
● Vegetable oil - 10 g;
● fertilizing mineral - 20 g;
● vitamins - to appoint a veterinarian.
Approximate daily diet for a 5-month-old Caucasian Shepherd
● Meat - 500 g;
● Milk - 500 g;
● egg - 1 pc. (Yolk and white);
● curd - 200-210 g;
● vegetables - 200 g;
● Vegetable oil - 25-30 g;
● fertilizing mineral - 20 g;
● vitamins - to appoint a veterinarian.
In the daily diet of puppies should be sure to include vitamins A and D, which indicates the dosage of a veterinarian.
Approximate daily diet for a 6-month-old Caucasian Shepherd
● Meat - 500 g;
● Milk - 500 g;
● egg - 1 pc. (Yolk and white);
● curd - 240-250 g;
● vegetables - 230-250 g;
● Vegetable oil - 25-30 g;
● fertilizing mineral - 20 g;
● vitamins - to appoint a veterinarian.
Approximate daily ration for a 7-12-month-old Caucasian Shepherd
● Meat - 500 g;
● Egg - 2 pcs. (Not more than 2 times per week);
● curd - 250-260 g;
● vegetables - 220-250 g;
● Vegetable oil - 30 g;
● fertilizing mineral - 20 g;
● vitamins - to appoint a veterinarian.

Supplementary feeding of puppies

Supplementary feeding of puppies
Start feeding puppies need at a time when your pet is reduced daily weight gain, they will crawl and whine a lot, to touch her nipples, and generally behave restlessly.
Begin to feed the puppies should be timely, can not be late, but early onset is also not lead to anything good: the bitch has reduced the amount of milk produced. Feeding the kids that the most valuable for their product should last for as long as possible.
The longer the puppies will receive breast milk, the better they will be protected from infection before vaccination.
If your dog has enough milk or the puppies a lot, podkarmlivanie kids can start with the 12th day of their lives. In typical cases, feeding does not begin before 14 days. As of the 1st feeding puppies suitable goat or sheep's milk and formula prepared from cow's milk (1 cup) with the addition of the powder (2 tbsp. Tablespoons) and egg yolk (1 pc. To 1 liter of milk).
Kids need to podkarmlivaniya bottle with a nipple, the hole in which you want to do on the side. It must be such that the milk just dripping, but not raining. Keep your puppy while nursing his hand under the breast should be, so it can iterate through the front legs, and back to something to rely on. If insufficient quantities of milk in females fed babies should be every 3 hours, but if a lot of milk, 3 times a day.
At the 20-day 21 babies teething, puppies female begins to avoid because they cause her pain during suckling. They do less and less suited to his mother, because suckling pups at this age is weakening.
Supplementary feeding
For kids starting time of rapid growth, and they do not have one of milk, so it's time to introduce them extra food rations. First, you must teach the puppy to do without nipples. Pour milk into a small saucer and gently poke the puppy back muzzle. If a kid does not understand what was wanted of him, you can dip a finger into the milk, give the puppy lick, and when he pulls on his finger, put it in a saucer.
Once all of your pets will learn to lap from the bowl, you can add them to the milk a little white bread, and then give the kids a liquid milk porridge of semolina, adding there a fresh egg.
Daily weight gain of each puppy is the main feature of their regular feeding.
With two weeks to a daily volume of milk feeding your pets should include oatmeal, cooked in milk. Grits for these cereals to grind through the grinder.
Each puppy must allocate a separate bowl, so you can see who and how many had eaten. Portions of your pets should eat until the end, especially meat and cheese.
During weaning puppies you can work out their conditioned reflex, tapping on the floor or giving another beep. Prospective owners should be aware of what they have learned little ones.
On the third week the puppies should be given rice water, lean meat scraping, calcined cheese. Daily dose should be increased by 2 times.
In months of age your pets may have to eat meat, cut into fine julienne. In this form it is more useful to a growing organism. The meat should be given to kids the same meals 3-4 times a day.
Meat to feed the puppies should be only the highest quality.
Once you've fed the pets should be put under them to his mother. The kids still would be happy to suck milk, no matter how much extra feed eaten. Also at this time particularly pronounced leadership qualities: puppies with such inclinations will tend to push their littermates and capture the most milk teats.
Puppies 3 weeks of age must be free access to water, as the milk they receive, can not replace water. At the same age should be introduced into the diet of toddlers mineral supplements in the prevention of rickets and for normal growth and bone formation.
Giving mineral fertilizer puppies should be regularly throughout the growing period.
Each one of your puppies individual nutritional needs, so the daily ration and the amount of servings should be calculated separately for each child.
Take your pets from the mother to gradually. First, one feeding (preferably evenings) are completely replaced by solid foods, after a while another, etc. By the time when your puppy will begin to analyze buyers, the kids have to suck mother's milk only one time per day.
Your pet should receive daily vitamins with a portion of them to have milk. Keep in mind that excess vitamin causes hypervitaminosis.
Introduce new foods into the diet gradually to the puppies. On the day the kids enough of one product that they have not tried. With this approach, you can see how your pets learn new food and how it affects their health.
If someone from the kids start having diarrhea or vomiting, from its power to exclude a new product.
Puppy with diarrhea should be given as a medicine or rice-water to pour into his mouth with a pipette a bit of a weak solution of potassium permanganate. If your child already 3 weeks into food intended for him, you can add a pinch of powdered oak bark.
Diarrhea that does not pass a few days, may be a sign of serious illness - colibacillosis - so you need to invite a veterinarian, or the entire litter may die. Colibacteriosis often occurs in babies that are growing on an artificial diet.
If constipation is very good puppies dill water and buckthorn bark extract. However, any disorders of the digestive system in your pet is better not to treat yourself and call the vet or at least consult with him.

Glucosamine,Chondroitin,Vitamin C

" 8in1 Excel pet joint ensure " - Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, vitamin C

The integrated product for strengthening joints and ligaments in dogs glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, vitamin C and minerals.
- It is necessary for the restoration of cartilage tissue, stimulating collagen and cartilage, the main protein of skin.
- Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine are involved in the formation of ligaments, cartilage, bone, synovial fluid.
- The drug is used in various violations of the integrity of the joint (trauma, mechanical damage, chronic diseases), and damage the connective tissue and skin.
- Promotes more rapid healing of wounds, preservation of skin pigmentation and hair, improving elasticity of blood vessels, prevents the formation of stones in the urinary tract.

How to use:
Give with food on a daily basis, the primary course of 2 months.

Recommended dosage:
A dog weighing less than 6 kg - 0.5 Tab. per day
from 6 kg to 13 kg - 1 tablet
from 13 kg to 25 kg - 2 tablets
from 25 kg to 34 kg - 3 tablets
from 34 kg to 45 kg - 4 tablets

ARTHRITIS

Arthritis - a disease causing severe joint pain, inflammation, swelling, stiffness of muscles. The disease is not unique to older dogs, but some of the young.

 Such a disease like arthritis was considered inevitable companion of old age, as people and dogs. It was thought that cartilage can not samoregenerirovatsya (restored) and that causes joint pain and lameness.
What is arthritis in dogs?Canine arthritis is a degenerative disease that leads to the gradual replacement of the hyaline articular cartilage on the functionally inferior fibrocartilage. Symptoms of arthritis is limping, pain in the range from mild to severe. The pain occurs in the hips, but can also occur in the neck, legs, shoulders and back. Arthritis brings difficulties in such basic things: how, run, play or walk in the morning. All this depresses vitality dog.

Most susceptible to arthritis dog middle-aged and elderly who are overweight and a little moving. Most prone to this disease Newfoundland and St. Bernard, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd.
The cause of arthritis in young dogs may be dysplasia, infection, trauma. Damage to muscles, ligaments, joints or supporting tissues of dogs at a young age can lead to arthritis in later years.
Diagnosis of canine arthritis.To begin with observe the behavior of your dog. If the stiffness of its motion, it does not want to go and play as usual, stands up with difficulty (especially in the mornings), or limping, it can be more than just "old age". If you suspect that a dog suffers from arthritis, you should contact your veterinarian.
Treatment of arthritis.
· Drugs: Depending on the type of arthritis, there are various anti-inflammatory drugs that can ease pain and inflammation.
Food additives: chondroprotectors alone or in combination with drugs that can be very effective in treating arthritis. Chondroprotectors - those tools that simultaneously reduces the severity of symptoms (inflammation and pain) and slow joint damage. Currently, the most famous chondroprotector are glucosamine and chondroitin - natural components of articular cartilage. It is proved that chronic administration of these drugs do not cause side effects.
To date, well established drug firm «8in1» «Excel Pet Joint Ensure with MSM» composed of glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate, vitamin C and metilsulfanilmetan (MSM).
Losing weight helps reduce stress on joints. Small physical activities such as swimming and walking helps maintain muscle tone, moisturize and promote joint.
Home care: the majority of dogs are sleeping through 12 hours a day. Ease the pain and suffering of your pet can be more gentle sleeping and do not forget to put it away from windows and drafts. If your dog hurts your shoulder or neck, place the bowls higher up, so the dog does not stoop.
Prevention of arthritis.Prevention of arthritis in adult dogs begins when she was young.
· Try to keep the dog was weight, which corresponds to the breed standard. Make sure she gets enough exercise.
• Do not forget also about hondropotektorah - it is desirable to give the puppies in a period of intense growth, adult dogs from injury and with intense exercise.
Following these simple guidelines, you can renew your dog's youth.


http://gav-gav.com.ua

VARIOUS

ORDER OF THE DOG TRAINING in the ring.

Notice the title of this chapter - it implies that you have to train your dog to work. What to train - you already know. Now how to do it.I want to warn that the vain search for a foreign (I'm not talking about our) books details of the preparation of ring-dog. It is believed that each owner or handler has secrets that carefully hides from its competitors. But I try to tell everything about the general principles of training and exhibition of training dogs.Thus, the ring-taming must begin with the date of purchase a puppy that is from two to two and a half months. Ring taming should be carried out in parallel with general training, games, establishing and maintaining contact with the dog.I've seen in a ring of dogs of any breeds are well illustrated but poorly exposed to lead. The only exception was American Cockers - brilliant Handling and inability to establish that it is - just taming or still taming plus contact.
The first thing we must begin - to define the word team.I suggest the words that apply herself.
"Work." This means that now will ring-training."Teeth" - a command to show the teeth."Ring." It means a requirement to take an exhibition stand. I do not advise to use the command "Whoa." In training it means to stop the adoption of a dog or stand out "lie" or "sit.""Lynx". At this command the dog must run uniformly, sweeping trot at a speed characteristic of the breed.Let's start from the counter. Each breed has its own distinctive stance and a certain position of the hind limbs. It is very important for proper evaluation of individual articles and harmony of dogs in general. So learn the correct rack for your breed - first task before the Ring of training.Puppy accustomed to the collar and leash, put on the floor (or on the table - from cocker and below in size), give the command "Ring." Dog attached to the desired position by hand. To fix the rack for some breeds of dogs are allowed to hold under the abdomen and under the jaw (eg Cocker Spaniel), others take a free stand.The most excitable dogs can be fixed in a rack on any subject or a biscuit if he does not overly excite your dog. The owner, standing in front of the dog, and his hand with an object at some distance from the dog, uttered the command "Ring", achieving a stationary rack for at least 30 seconds.As soon as the puppy will take the desired position on at least 3 seconds, joyfully praise him and give a treat. At first, hold the dog by the collar with the right front collar release, not allowing the puppy to budge.Do not say another word, does not condemn the puppy, the adoption of the correct posture will take longer than you expect. Be patient and persistent. The command must end its execution, but somehow, and soon. From the first time a puppy needs to understand what is required. If you decide that for the first time "and will do so", and then it will be better, you tighten the process of working out the reception for a long time to retrain and is always more difficult than just teach to do the right thing.Engage in regular, daily two to three times a day on the floor or table (to whom it is required). Always on a leash to prevent the possibility of a puppy to run away.3 - 5 seconds is enough to counter the two puppies - five months to secure the command "Ring" with a fixed posture in a beautiful, exhibition, typical of the breed stand.Further training of the house move out, to other areas selected for training at a training ground where the dog must learn to work in a group.
EDUCATION EXHIBIT lynxPuppy, trained to walk on the street, gone in an isolated area, where there are no people and dogs, strapped the leash, give the command "Work" and click "Lynx". Start with a slow trot uniform without jumps and gradually move to a faster, revealing himself to the maximum possible step length (in trot) dogs.If the dog runs as we would like, repeat the "Lynx, lynx, well," encouraging the dog to vote, and if gets off at a gallop and jump, odernite leash sharply say "No!" and continue the movement, achieving its goals. Before stopping your dog needs to run at the same pace. At first, you run a straight 20 - 25 meters, increasing the length of the distance to the 5 - 100 meters.Distance increases as they grow older the puppy, depending on his physical condition, as well as his temperament.Most importantly, lessons are not tired of the puppy that he loved them and saw that the owner is really like. Frequently praise your puppy for correctly completed action.When worked out straight-line motion, continue to move in a circle with a large (at least 10 feet) radius.After working trot on command and stand on command, connect the two teams. Move in a circle, alternate with running in a straight line back and forth, and then stop with the "demonstration" of exhibition stands. Do not forget to give the team and encourage the dog after the required one.Now preparing for manual control. We introduce another team, for example, "Inspection". This word means that if the right person and the owner says "Inspection" means a person can touch the dog as it does an expert, and should be able to inspect the teeth. Attract people to practice as friends (at first), and unfamiliar dog. Teach them how to touch a dog, starting from the head, literally from the tip of the nose, neck, upper, chest, abdomen, tail, front and rear extremities, including legs, paws and claws. Do not forget to say "inspection" and sharply say "No" if the dog resists.We must ensure that the dog was at the same time in one place, no jerking in different directions, making it difficult to check, and often leads to incorrect assessment of articles.If desired, your perseverance and provided always a good mentality, dogs quickly learn that the man who touches them on command, not an enemy that must bite. The dog understands that it is work to be done by the team to suffer in the end a touch (a dog, do not like to touch even the owner).You all seem very difficult? It is not so, dear reader! Ring training - very exciting thing for the dog and owner. You get to know your pet, and he knows better than you! Do you cooperate, working together with him, partnerstvuete, and this is just the thing for which there was a dog in the house of a man!Finally, the most simple to work out and most unpleasant for the expert, if the dog does not - showing teeth.Every morning, shaking hands with the dog, put it (necessarily) give the command "Teeth", revealing the bite, not allowing the head to turn, and praise. Carefully open the jaws and hold between 2 and 10 seconds. (Next time you have to extend to as much as you want to count all the teeth).Praise and encourage a delicacy.Bare your teeth on the left (before the latter), then right again and praise the dog. Do this every day, and you have to show your teeth will never be any problems.
So, your dog has learned the command "work" to understand what is about to begin demonstritsiya:
reception "trot" - a circle, triangle, straight;reception "ring" - ring-rack;acceptance "inspection" - the passage of manual controls;reception "teeth" - check the bite and the presence of teeth.Now your task is to teach your dog do all this in a group at a large gathering of people in closed and open space. To do this, there is a system of training. For dogs that are regularly exhibited, workouts on a daily basis for 15 minutes once - twice a day at different locations.
For adult dogs, exhibiting one - two times a year, with the full preparation and implementation of the "perfect" all methods exhibit the full taming, training may be 2 times a week. A month before the exhibition drill on a daily basis for 15 - 20 minutes.

FCI judge for all breeds of dogs, a biologist, head of training of expert dog handlers RKF
Karpysheva N.

Caucasian Shepherd

Marina Kuropatkin Irina Nekrasov Caucasian Shepherd
Introduction

Man has tamed the dog for more than 12 thousand years ago. Some fans argue that while friendship dogs and humans have much longer - about 25 thousand years. Whatever it was, few would argue with that, in spite of the difficulties often associated with the education and maintenance of the dogs, they are my favorites and the most devoted pet person.

The dogs were accompanied by human hunting and helped get food, protected the herds of domestic animals and house people from predators, often rescuing people from various dangers. You can talk endlessly about the help that people have and continue to have a dog. It is no accident say that the dog - man's best friend.

Formation of dogs began in ancient times. Different breeds of dogs are divided into four groups:

● guard;

● hunting;

● room;

● Cattle.

Through instinct, which manifests itself in an effort to fit and protect the flock, Caucasian Shepherd Dog was originally attributed to herding dogs.

Caucasian Shepherd, thanks to an extraordinary character, became a true helper of everyday life. By purchasing this dog, we must first cultivate it properly.

In this book recommendations for maintenance and education of the Caucasian Shepherd to help grow a loyal friend, characterized by good health and cheerful character.
1. Breed history

The dog is the first animal to tame man. It happened in the Stone Age. Ancient dogs guarded the homes of people and used in hunting wild animals.

At present, the origin of the dog is still open, as is still not precisely determined, from a parent and in what part of the globe have taken place animals of this species.

According to some scholars, are ancestors of dogs, wolves and jackals. This view arose because of the similarities between these animals both in appearance and behavior, and internal structure.

Other experts maintain that a dog is descended from several extinct in the Tertiary species.

In antiquity, dogs were given the rulers and the aristocracy as a sign of respect. These animals are loved, they were considered the embodiment of loyalty, devotion and strength. While dogs are the most precious gift.

Dogs considered sacred animals in ancient Egypt, Assyria, Greece. In some areas, such as the Altai, the dog worship and to this day.

Archeologists found a large number of mummies embalmed dogs, which supports the view that in the past, these pets are considered almost family.

The ancestors of all sheep dogs mastiff similar dogs considered to be the East. This is one of the world's oldest rocks, which appeared about three thousand years ago.

As for the breed Caucasian Shepherd, then its origin is little known. However, the name of the breed gives reason to believe that her homeland is the Caucasus.

Some dog experts believe that the ancestors of this breed are the Central Asian dogs, trapped in the Caucasus with the pastoral tribes. The difference of natural conditions and the influence of local dogs have changed the Central Asian Shepherd Dogs, turning them into the Caucasus. Other experts argue that the direct ancestor of the Caucasian Shepherd Dog is a Tibetan, was described in 1845 by writer Yuatt. However, all these versions are not documented.

Tibetan mastiff - a rather large, fierce, strong dog with a short head, broad face, the folds of skin on the forehead. The ancestors of the Tibetan mastiff is volkoobraznye dogs that were trained in China to search for people.

Shepherd quickly spread to the Caucasus and were used as fighting, pickling, and shepherd-guard. These dogs were valued very highly. It is known that the image of the head of Caucasian Shepherd attended the arms of some of the Georgian princes.

Wolfhounds have long called big dogs greyhound breeds used in hunting wolves.

In fact, the Caucasian Shepherd Dog is a wolfhound. The main purpose of this breed - the protection of flocks, protecting them from wild animals.

Dogs kept for long passages through the mountains, feel good at low temperatures. Over time, the animals develop such qualities as strength, agility, courage, simplicity, endurance, allowing people to use the Caucasian sheep-dogs at guard duty.

In 1765 the Turkish army in the Caucasian shepherd dogs used as guard dogs. After that, Russia had issued a decree stating the need to involve Caucasian Shepherd guard service to all military fortresses.

In XVIII-XIX centuries. Caucasian Shepherd used for police service. They are specially trained for investigative services. But similar experiments have failed - the official version, the experiments have been postponed "due to the large malice and obstinacy dogs."

Until the end of the XIX century. Caucasian sheepdogs bred in relative isolation, the breed was developed methods of national selection, so keep it clean.
The growth of popularity of the breed abroad

In the early twentieth century. Caucasian Shepherd for the first time took part in an exhibition in Nuremberg Vsegermanskogo. They immediately attracted attention and became a sensation in the canine world. Was presented 36 Caucasian Shepherd, of which rated "excellent" were four dogs, "very good" - 15 "good" - 10.

After this exhibition, the press wrote about the Caucasian sheep-dog, calling them "the death of capital" and "red giant". Because of this soon on the Caucasian Shepherd spoke in many countries around the world. However, despite the widespread interest in the Caucasian sheep-dogs, the breed almost did not develop.
Caucasian shepherd dogs guarding the sheep, a century ago, were not very similar to modern

In 1934 Timamuk Koshelev and published his work "-Shepherd guard dogs in the farms of the North Caucasus region of Armenia and dog breeding." In it, the authors considered the deplorable state of the breed, the lack of sires and calves. According to them, representatives of the breed in its exterior qualities at that time were defective Textiles.

Maybe it was one of the reasons why the dogs began to destroy. Thus, the book Morozova, Kalinin, and Ivanova, "Domestic breeds of dogs of Asian descent," provides information about the ruin of dog farms in Armenia. There is said to reduce the growth of dogs from 70 cm to 55 cm In addition, many dogs of various breeds, including the Caucasian sheep-dogs were destroyed in the Great Patriotic War. However, thanks to the efforts of handlers, in particular, professors Bogolyubsky and Ilyina and Mazover and Weissman breed was saved.

Subsequently, it was decided to organize a special nursery for breeding species, which undoubtedly had an effect on the appearance and qualities of the Caucasian Sheepdog. In these nurseries was carried out painstaking work to restore the breed.

As a result we obtained excellent specimens of dogs with a certain constitutional type and the right physique, capable of performing various tasks. In just 10 years old within the breed there were tremendous changes.

In 1970 Paris hosted the World Dog Show, where the Caucasian sheep-dogs were a great success. Exit this breed was greeted with applause of spectators.

The best representatives of the Caucasian sheep-dogs were given the title "World Champion".

In 1971, the World Dog Show in Budapest, Caucasian Shepherd again won the highest rating.

In 1988 he hosted the First All-Union Exhibition of domestic dog breeds in which the Caucasian sheep-dogs also took part.

In 1990, the Caucasian Shepherd received worldwide recognition. They were registered with the International Canine Association (FCI).

At present, the dog of this breed is very popular not only in Russia and CIS countries, but also abroad. Noticeably increased interest in this breed of European and American dog handlers and breeders of amateurs.
Thanks to the quality of the breed the dog is becoming increasingly popular abroad

Caucasian Shepherd Dog is very popular in many regions of Russia. This breed is of interest for both novice dog lovers and experienced breeders. The main breeding species in the core is now in Ukraine.

In addition, this breed successfully bred in Iran and Turkey. In these countries, Caucasian Shepherd breed as pure and crossbreeding it with the CAO, which is akin to her breed.

Dog handlers Achinsk conducted at a dilution of the Caucasian Shepherd interesting experiments: dogs were crossed with wild wolves. In addition, to develop new varieties of the Caucasian sheep-dogs were crossed with other breeds of dogs. As a result, the breed had been received from Moscow and the Moscow guard diver.

Currently, the Caucasian Shepherd widely both in Russia and abroad. While the debate over the origin of this breed from a particular region has not yet terminated, between animals bred in different countries, there are significant external differences. It is connected not only with a wide habitat distribution, but also with local climatic conditions, geographical isolation of individual regions.